Command- line interface - Wikipedia. A command- line user interface (CLI), also known as a console user interface. A program which handles the interface is called a command language interpreter or shell. The CLI was the primary means of interaction with most computer systems until the introduction of the video display terminal in the mid- 1. Open. VMS, Unix systems and personal computer systems including MS- DOS, CP/M and Apple DOS. ![]() The interface is usually implemented with a command line shell, which is a program that accepts commands as text input and converts commands into appropriate operating system functions. Command- line interfaces to computer operating systems are less widely used by casual computer users, who favor graphical user interfaces or menu- driven interaction. Alternatives to the command line include, but are not limited to text user interfacemenus (see IBM AIX SMIT for example), keyboard shortcuts, and various other desktop metaphors centered on the pointer (usually controlled with a mouse). Examples of this include the Windows versions 1, 2, 3, 3. OS shell that runs in DOS), Dos. Shell, and Mouse Systems Power. Panel. Command- line interfaces are often preferred by more advanced computer users, as they often provide a more concise and powerful means to control a program or operating system. Programs with command- line interfaces are generally easier to automate via scripting. Command line interfaces for software other than operating systems include a number of programming languages such as Tcl/Tk, PHP and others, as well as utilities such as the compression utilities Win. Zip and Ultimate. Zip, and some FTP and ssh/telnet clients. Advantages. Under most operating systems, it is possible to replace the default shell program with alternatives; examples include 4. ![]() DOS for DOS, 4. OS2 for OS/2, and 4. NT or Take Command for Windows. Although the term 'shell' is often used to describe a command- line interpreter, strictly speaking a 'shell' can be any program that constitutes the user- interface, including fully graphically oriented ones. For example, the default Windows GUI is a shell program named EXPLORER. EXE, as defined in the SHELL=EXPLORER. ![]() 64-bit or x64 version of Windows operating system such as Windows Server 2003, Windows XP Professional x64 Edition, Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 uses the.How to Launch Command Prompt or Other Programs Using “Ease of Access” Button at Login Screen in Windows Vista and Later? Recently an AskVG reader "zydrius sMiLe. The Developer Command Prompt for Visual Studio automatically sets the environment variables that enable you to easily use.NET Framework tools. EXE line in the WIN. INI configuration file. These programs are shells, but not CLIs. Application command- line interfaces. When a program is launched from an OS command line shell, additional text provided along with the program name is passed to the launched program. Interactive command line sessions: After launch, a program may provide an operator with an independent means to enter commands in the form of text. OS inter- process communication: Most operating systems support means of inter- process communication (for example; standard streams or named pipes). Command lines from client processes may be redirected to a CLI program by one of these methods. CLI software. Some examples of CLI- only applications are: Hybrid software. In some cases, a GUI is simply a wrapper around a separate CLI executable file. In other cases, a program may provide a CLI as an optional alternative to its GUI. CLIs and GUIs often support different functionality. For example, all features of MATLAB, a numerical analysis computer program, are available via the CLI, whereas the MATLAB GUI exposes only a subset of features. The early Sierra games, like the first three King's Quest games (1. History. Early computer systems often used teleprinter machines as the means of interaction with a human operator. The computer became one end of the human- to- human teleprinter model. ![]() So instead of a human communicating with another human over a teleprinter, a human communicated with a computer. In time, the actual mechanical teleprinter was replaced by a . These were typically used to interface an organization's new PC's with their existing mini- or mainframe computers, or to connect PC to PC. Some of these PCs were running Bulletin Board System software. Early operating system CLIs were implemented as part of resident monitor programs, and could not easily be replaced. The concept of implementing the shell as a replaceable component is usually attributed to Multics. Throughout the 1. Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows—command line interfaces were replaced in popular usage by the Graphical User Interface. The command line remains in use, however, by system administrators and other advanced users for system administration, computer programming, and batch processing. In November 2. 00. Microsoft released version 1. Windows Power. Shell (formerly codenamed Monad), which combined features of traditional Unix shells with their proprietary object- oriented . NET Framework. Min. GW and Cygwin are open- source packages for Windows that offer a Unix- like CLI. Microsoft provides MKS Inc.'s ksh implementation MKS Korn shell for Windows through their Services for UNIX add- on. Since 2. 00. 1, the Macintosh operating system is based on a variation of Unix called Darwin. On these computers, users can access a Unix- like command- line interface called Terminal found in the Applications Utilities folder.
![]() This terminal uses bash by default. This is typically the case with operating system command shells. CLIs are also used by systems with insufficient resources to support a graphical user interface. Some computer language systems (such as Python, Forth, LISP, Rexx, and many dialects of BASIC) provide an interactive command- line mode to allow for rapid evaluation of code. CLIs are often used by programmers and system administrators, in engineering and scientific environments, and by technically advanced personal computer users. CLIs are also popular among people with visual disability, since the commands and responses can be displayed using Refreshable Braille displays. Anatomy of a shell CLI. Commands are usually one of three classes. Internal — recognized and processed by the command line interpreter itself and not dependent upon any external executable file. Included — A separate executable file generally considered part of the operating environment and always included with the OS. External — External executable files not part of the basic OS, but added by other parties for specific purposes and applications. N — Optional parameters provided by the client. The format and meaning of the parameters depends upon the command issued. In the case of Included or External commands, the values of the parameters are delivered to the program (specified by the Command) as it is launched by the OS. Parameters may be either Arguments or Options. In this example, the delimiters between command line elements are whitespace characters and the end- of- line delimiter is the newline delimiter. This is a widely used (but not universal) convention for command- line interfaces. A CLI can generally be considered as consisting of syntax and semantics. The syntax is the grammar that all commands must follow. In the case of operating systems (OS), MS- DOS and Unix each define their own set of rules that all commands must follow. In the case of embedded systems, each vendor, such as Nortel, Juniper Networks or Cisco Systems, defines their own proprietary set of rules that all commands within their CLI conform to. These rules also dictate how a user navigates through the system of commands. The semantics define what sort of operations are possible, on what sort of data these operations can be performed, and how the grammar represents these operations and data—the symbolic meaning in the syntax. Two different CLIs may agree on either syntax or semantics, but it is only when they agree on both that they can be considered sufficiently similar to allow users to use both CLIs without needing to learn anything, as well as to enable re- use of scripts. A simple CLI will display a prompt, accept a . Advanced CLIs will validate, interpret and parameter- expand the command line before executing the specified command, and optionally capture or redirect its output. Unlike a button or menu item in a GUI, a command line is typically self- documenting, stating exactly what the user wants done. In addition, command lines usually include many defaults that can be changed to customize the results. Useful command lines can be saved by assigning a character string or alias to represent the full command, or several commands can be grouped to perform a more complex sequence – for instance, compile the program, install it, and run it — creating a single entity, called a command procedure or script which itself can be treated as a command. These advantages mean that a user must figure out a complex command or series of commands only once, because they can be saved, to be used again. The commands given to a CLI shell are often in one of the following forms: do. Something how to. Filesdo. Something how source. File destination. Filedo. Something how < input. File > output. Filedo. Something how . The > in the third example is a redirection operator, telling the command- line interpreter to send the output of the command not to its own standard output (the screen) but to the named file. This will overwrite the file. Using > > will redirect the output and append it to the file. Another redirection operator is the vertical bar (. Under Unix, commands also need be marked as executable files. The directories in the path variable are searched in the order they are given. By re- ordering the path, one can run e. Renaming of the executables also works: people often rename their favourite editor to EDIT, for example. The command line allows one to restrict available commands, such as access to advanced internal commands. The Windows CMD. EXE does this. Often, shareware programs will limit the range of commands, including printing a command 'your administrator has disabled running batch files' from the prompt. Some CLIs, such as those in network routers, have a hierarchy of modes, with a different set of commands supported in each mode. The set of commands are grouped by association with security, system, interface, etc. Ways to Open the Command Prompt in Windows. Open the Run dialog. Type notepad into the Run dialog and click OK. Press Ctrl+S on your keyboard. Click the Close button.
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